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(PDF) Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling

2 Ilker Etikan et al.: Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling.
include every subject because the population is almost finite.
This is the rationale behind using sampling techniques like
convenience sampling by most researchers [5].
Convenience sampling (also known as Haphazard Sampling
or Accidental Sampling) is a type of nonprobability or
nonrandom sampling where members of the target population
that meet certain practical criteria, such as easy accessibility,
geographical proximity, availability at a given time, or the
willingness to participate are included for the purpose of the
study [4]. It is also referred to the researching subjects of the
population that are easily accessible to the researcher [18].
Convenience samples are sometimes regarded as ‘accidental
samples’ because elements may be selected in the sample
simply as they just happen to be situated, spatially or
administratively, near to where the researcher is conducting the
data collection. Ecological data are often taken using
convenience sampling, here data are collected along roads,
trails or utility corridors and hence are not representative of
population of interest. Other example of convenience sampling
include data taken subjectively near camp, around parking
areas, or an areas where density is known to be high. Biologist
often use convenience sampling in the field work because it is
easier like walking on a road and stop occasionally to record
numbers. With numbers derive from convenience sampling,
one can make only weak statement about some characteristic
of the sample itself rather than a formal inductive inference
concerning the population of interest. Further explains that,
“captive participants such as students in the researcher’s own
institution are main examples of convenience sampling” [4].
Convenience Sampling is affordable, easy and the subjects
are readily available. It is compulsory for the researcher to
describe how the sample would differ from the one that was
randomly selected. It is also necessary to describe the subjects
who might be excluded during the selection process or the
subjects who are overrepresented in the sample [5]. The main
objective of convenience sampling is to collect information
from participants who are easily accessible to the researcher
like recruiting providers attending a staff meeting for study
participation. Although commonly used, it is neither
purposeful nor strategic [11]. The main assumption associated
with convenience sampling is that the members of the target
population are homogeneous. That is, that there would be no
difference in the research results obtained from a random
sample, a nearby sample, a co-operative sample, or a sample
gathered in some inaccessible part of the population [10].
Point out that the obvious disadvantage of convenience
sampling is that it is likely to be biased [13]. They advise
researchers that the convenience sampling should not be taken
to be representative of the population. Still, there is another
problem of great concern related to convenience sampling, i.e.
the problem of outliers. Because of the high self-selection
possibility in non-probability sampling, the effect of outliers
can be more devastating in this kind of subject selection.
Outliers are cases whom consider as not belonging to the data.
In a convenience sample, on the contrary, neither biases nor
their probabilities are quantified [7]. In fact, the researcher
does not know how well a convenience sample will represent
the population regarding the traits or mechanism under
research. What makes convenience samples so unpredictable is
their vulnerability to severe hidden biases [12].
2.1. Benchmark Problem
A psychologist is interested in the impacts of social
network on study habits of Nigerian university students. To
test the whole population, the researcher would need all
current university students and hence, a lot of time, energy
and resources.
A sample would be a selection of few students from all of
the Universities in Nigeria, which the researcher has to get
for the testing.
The convenience sample here would be a group of students
from Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, a Nigerian
University where the Psychologist is working as lecturer.
We learnt from the above that, the psychologist was
subjective as the only students of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
University, Bauchi were included in the study. With this
sample the researcher would utilize little time and resource.
The selected students in this study are different from other
Nigerian University students. Thus, this may undermine the
ability of the Psychologist to make generalisations from the
sample to the population.
Therefore, in convenience sampling, the individuals
selected by the researcher may not be applicable to the
research problem. Hence, there is a risk of collecting poor
quality data due to poor research outcomes and as such,
difficult to convince others to accept the findings of research
based on poor foundation [16]. Some methods literature
disregards convenience sampling as being an inappropriate
method in social research due to the severe limitations [12].
2.2. Purposive Sampling
Data gathering is crucial in research, as the data is meant to
contribute to a better understanding of a theoretical framework
[2]. It then becomes imperious that selecting the manner of
obtaining data and from whom the data will be acquired be
done with sound judgment, especially since no amount of
analysis can make up for improperly collected data [21]. The
purposive sampling technique, also called judgment sampling,
is the deliberate choice of a participant due to the qualities the
participant possesses. It is a nonrandom technique that does
not need underlying theories or a set number of participants.
Simply put, the researcher decides what needs to be known
and sets out to find people who can and are willing to provide
the information by virtue of knowledge or experience [2]. It is
typically used in qualitative research to identify and select the
information-rich cases for the most proper utilization of
available resources [17]. This involves identification and
selection of individuals or groups of individuals that are
proficient and well-informed with a phenomenon of interest
[3]. In addition to knowledge and experience, [2] and [19] note
the importance of availability and willingness to participate,
and the ability to communicate experiences and opinions in an
articulate, expressive, and reflective manner. Unlike random
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